Experiences of Racism among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Adults Living In the Australian State of Victoria: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study
What Is Racism?
Racism may be defined as a key element about the health of Indigenous, primitive Australians that explain the reasons for the difference in health and socioeconomic status among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Experience-based racism of Indigenous adults in the state of Victoria was investigated.
How was racism estimated?
Population data, during 2011, 2012, and 2014 was considered. Victorian Population was used in a survey with a sample size of 33,833 Victorian adults, which comprise 387 Indigenous adults. The survey was a cross-sectional, based on population; computer-assisted telephonic interview survey was also conducted. Applying logistic regression, experiences of racism were found to be the dependent variable and Indigenous status was found to be the primary independent variable. Secondary independent variables were age, sex, rurality, socioeconomic status, social capital, and lifestyle risk factors.
What was the Category of the races?
During the study, the term taken to include people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The indigenous population was studied preferentially to Aboriginal and Koori because not all Indigenous people living in Victoria are tribal like Aboriginal or Koori type.
Explain the Background of racism
Indigenous people in Australia spread over the last two hundred years since the arrival of Europeans. Genocide, the introduction of European diseases, dispossession, subjugation, and segregation minimized the Indigenous population by 90% between 1788 and 1900. Estimate in a conservative sense shows that prior to European contact there were about 15,000 Indigenous Australians living in Victoria State; reduced to about 850 by 1901.
What is the present situation in Australia?
In the present decades, indigenous Australians facing personal and institutional racism which lower their socioeconomic status. Moreover, indigenous men’s and women’s life expectations to 10.6 and 9.5 years less than non-indigenous. It implicated that racism is the key determinant of the health of Indigenous Australians.
What is the population-based prevalence of racism in Australia?
The following data was sought to:
(a) Estimated the population prevalence of racism as experienced by Indigenous Australians.
(b) To carry out whether experiences of racism among Indigenous Victorians are not dependent on lifestyle risk factors as well as social determinants, comprising socioeconomic status that explains negative discrimination.
(c) Describe potential root by which racism experiences impacts on Indigenous Victorians
(d) Identification of key factors of intervention and potential strategies to challenge racism.
What method is applied here?
The Victorian Population Health Survey is an annual cross-sectional population-based survey that was conducted revealing data on the health of adults living in the Australian state of Victoria. Unlimited digit dialling of landline telephone was applied to randomly selected adults aged 18 years or older living in private hutments.
What was the sample size?
Three Victorian Population Health Survey data were merged to attain a sufficient number of adults who were Indigenous. In the 2014 survey with 33,654 participants was involved. Size of the sample of 2011 and 2014 survey result was used by inviting about 426 participants for each of the 79 locals of Victoria.
What is the Response rate?
This may be explained as the percentage of households who were contacted and interviewed. About 67% for the 2011 survey result, 69% for the 2012 y, and 70% for the 2014 survey report.
What question was asked to tribal during the 2014 survey?
Questions: Have you experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly during the last 12 months, as you have a racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious background?”
Three study results were conducted and a sufficient sample size of Indigenous representatives on the presupposition that both questions were measured reasonably related to experiences of racism.
During all three surveys question: DO you of Aboriginal strategy or Torres Strait Islander origin? They replied that they were Aboriginal, at n = 328, Torres Strait Islander, at n = 39 or both at n = 20, were combined.
What kind of investigation was carried out?
The socialistic determination was investigated comprising social and demo graphical characteristics as well as socialistic capital. Variables comprised: age, sex, plurality, and three indicators of socioeconomic status like annual income, background, and status of employment.
What was asked to Social Trust?
Assessment of Social trust was done by asking two questions: “are you feel safe walking alone down the street at night?”, and:
“Can you trust most people?”
Civic trust assessment was carried out by interrogating the following questions:
“Do you feel valued by society?”, and:
“Have you got opportunities to have a real say on your important issues?”
What is the result of Statistical analysis?
We calculated weighted prevalence estimates for all variables with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We also calculated relative standard errors to determine the relative size of the sampling error and considered a relative standard error that exceeded 25% to be unreliable.
What Results were obtained?
Victorian adults were found to be four times more than non-Indigenous countrymen to have experienced racism in the preceding 12 months; odds ratio (OR) = 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2–5.8). Social determination and lifestyle risk factors not eliminated, the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status; OR = 3.1 (95% CI: 2.2–4.3).
Conclusions
Racism was the impact on Indigenous people is great and cannot be explained to any specific attributes like socio-economy or lifestyle-related. The argument related to human rights-oriented policy-making for removing systemic and interpersonal racism provides an opportunity and viable alternative to Govt. that will be dominated by a paternalistic means of an approach that establishes racism and results inequities.
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