{"id":1359,"date":"2019-04-24T07:20:02","date_gmt":"2019-04-24T07:20:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/?p=1359"},"modified":"2020-01-16T20:21:39","modified_gmt":"2020-01-16T20:21:39","slug":"stigma-labelling-and-stereotyping-of-mental-illness-by-goffman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/stigma-labelling-and-stereotyping-of-mental-illness-by-goffman\/","title":{"rendered":"Stigma Labelling and Stereotyping Of Mental Illness by Goffman"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Key Issues: Stigma Labelling and Stereotyping<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stigma<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The word originated from the Greeks.<\/li>\n<li>Stigma referred to a sign burnt or cut into the body to demarcate slaves, criminals, and social outcasts as \u201critually polluted\u201d people.<\/li>\n<li>It is currently used to refer to any conditions that mark out the bearer as \u2018culturally unacceptable\u2019 or \u2018inferior\u2019<\/li>\n<li>Stigma refers to a negative attribute that socially discredits an individual and confers a \u2018deviant\u2019 status<\/li>\n<li>Stigma \u2013 a label that associates an individual with some negative characteristics<\/li>\n<li>Goffman (1963) describes stigma as the difference between the virtual social identity and the real social identity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>GOFFMAN (1959\/63): A BRIEF BACKGROUND<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>He is an interactionist and examines the way in which social interaction can, and does break down<\/li>\n<li>Dramaturgical theory \u2013 The notion that a person&#8217;s identity is not a stable and independent psychological entity; it is constantly changed as the person interacts with others.<\/li>\n<li>Dramaturgy &#8211; Views people as actors who are continually involved in &#8220;impression management\u201cin their daily interaction.<\/li>\n<li>Goffman differentiates between &#8220;front stage&#8221; and &#8220;backstage&#8221; behaviour.<\/li>\n<li>Before any interaction with another, an individual usually prepares a role, or impression, that he or she wants to make on the other.<\/li>\n<li>Unfortunate infringements may take place, in which a backstage performance is interrupted by someone not meant to see it<\/li>\n<li>Goffman (1959) sees embarrassment as a significant social and moral problem<\/li>\n<li>Stigmatising conditions are embarrassing and allow for an infringement of the back-stage attributes of individuals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/order_now.html\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1319 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help.png\" alt=\"nursing assignment help\" width=\"730\" height=\"150\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help.png 730w, https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help-360x74.png 360w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 730px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 730\/150;\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1319 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help.png\" alt=\"nursing assignment help\" width=\"730\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help.png 730w, https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nursing-assignment-help-360x74.png 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" \/><\/noscript><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Goffman Theorises That<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The stigmatised person is seen by the so-called \u2018normal\u2019s\u2019 as inferior \u2018not quite human\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and as a result discriminated against.<\/li>\n<li>The stigmatised individual might also have additional imperfections imputed to them on the basis of the original stigmata \u2013 Stereotypes are created.<\/li>\n<li>The stigmatised is seen as having a perpetually flawed social identity.<\/li>\n<li>Goffman (1963) theorized about courtesy stigma or the discrimination of people associated with the stigmatized<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Erving Goffman (1963) identified three types of stigma:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Stigmas of the body &#8211; Abominations of the body.<\/li>\n<li>Stigmas of character &#8211; Blemishes of individual character<\/li>\n<li>Stigma as applied to social collectivities \/socio-cultural groups (The tribal stigmas of race and religion)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scambler (2004) differentiates between:<\/li>\n<li>\u2018Felt stigma\u2019 (i.e, the shame of being identified with a discrediting condition and the fear of encountering enacted stigma)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enacted stigma (i.e. actual episodes of discrimination, both formal and informal, against people with a stigmata solely on the grounds of their having a stigmatising condition).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Coping Mechanisms for the Stigmatised:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The stigma in some individuals is not known about , but could make them \u2018discreditable\u2019 &#8211; if publicly known \u2013 Task: Passing as normal, Covering and managing expectations<\/li>\n<li>The stigmatising condition in some individuals is obvious or \u2018widely known about\u2019 \u2013 \u2018discredited\u2019 \u2013 Task: managing tension, information control and withdrawal<\/li>\n<li>Goffman\u2019s description of stigma is closely aligned to the \u2018Labelling theory\u2019<\/li>\n<li>Scambler describes a \u2018hidden distress\u2019 model &#8211; this is the notion that people with a stigmata are fearful of experiencing enacted stigma and pursue an active policy of non-disclosure.<\/li>\n<li>This may also increase the stress of managing their disorder, with the result that stigma has a far more disruptive effect on their lives.<\/li>\n<li>Link &amp; Phelan (2001) assert that the disease process is exacerbated by stigma-related stress.<\/li>\n<li>Jacoby, Snape &amp; Baker (2005) describe stigma as a potentially major contributor to the illness burden<\/li>\n<li>The level of felt and enacted stigma could be influenced by socio-cultural values<\/li>\n<li>Deviance \u2013 relates to any behaviour or condition that contradicts recognised social norms in society or in a specific group [\u2013 see notes from week 1 on definition of illness as deviance and on the sick role and the doctor\u2019s role in managing deviance]<\/li>\n<li>Parsons (1951) defined illness as a deviance<\/li>\n<li>He perceives illness as capable of fracturing the social system as the sick are unable to perform their social role<\/li>\n<li>The doctor\u2019s role is to restore social order by legitimating entry and exit from the sick role<\/li>\n<li>Three levels of deviance and the stigmatisation process have been described (Lemert, 1967):<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Primary deviance &#8211; original violation\/deviance\/ and societal reaction to this non-conformity to societal norms<\/li>\n<li>Secondary deviance \u2013 The deviant\u2019s reaction to negative societal reaction (self-fulfilling prophecy)<\/li>\n<li>Tertiary deviance \u2013 The stigmatised persons\u2019 reaction to the stigma from others leads to master status; a label that overshadows all other characteristics \u2013 the secondary deviant attempts to re-label certain behaviours as normal rather than deviant<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Labelling<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Labelling refers to the process of identifying and ascribing a label or negative qualifying attribute to an individual\u2019s characteristics<\/li>\n<li>It refers to identifying certain characteristics of individuals and giving it a negative label (Lemert, 1967)<\/li>\n<li>Becker, (1963) presents a core assumption of labelling theory:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2018Deviance is not the quality of the act the individual commits\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but a consequence of the label that others apply to it\u2019<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Labeling, stereotyping, separation from others, and consequent status loss are elements of stigma expressed in a power situation<\/li>\n<li>Freidson\u2019s (1965) description of illness as deviance from societal norms \u2013 or rule-breaking behaviour &#8211; dwells largely on the exploration of primary and secondary deviance<\/li>\n<li>Scheff (1966) posits that mental illness is a product of societal views and reaction. i.e. mental illness is just a product of being labelled insane and treated as deviant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Themes from Literature on Stigma<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Cultural factors are involved in the stigmatisation process<\/li>\n<li>Stigmatisation is a product of power imbalance in society \u2013 e.g. labelling, stereotyping e.t.c<\/li>\n<li>Factors that define the level of stigma suffered include:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Degree of presumed\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 complicity of sufferer<\/p>\n<p>(2) Degree of discomfort caused in social relations<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Selected Bibliography &amp; References<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Becker (1963)<\/li>\n<li>Goffman, E (1963), Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity<\/li>\n<li>Scambler, G (2004), Health-related stigma. Sociology of Health &amp; Illness 31 411-455<\/li>\n<li>Freidson (1965) Profession of Medicine, New York<\/li>\n<li>Scheff (1966) Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological Theory, Chicago<\/li>\n<li>Link &amp; Phelan (2001) Conceptualising Stigma, Annual Review of Sociology,<\/li>\n<li>27 363-385<\/li>\n<li>Jacoby, Snape &amp; Baker (2005) Epilepsy &amp; Social Identity: the stigma of a<\/li>\n<li>Neurological disorder, Lancet Neurology, 4 (3) 171-8<\/li>\n<li>Parsons (1951)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Issues: Stigma Labelling and Stereotyping Stigma The word originated from the Greeks. Stigma referred to a sign burnt or cut into the body to demarcate slaves, criminals, and social outcasts as \u201critually polluted\u201d people. It is currently used to refer to any conditions that mark out the bearer as \u2018culturally unacceptable\u2019 or \u2018inferior\u2019 Stigma refers to a negative attribute that socially discredits an individual and confers a \u2018deviant\u2019 status Stigma \u2013 a label that associates an individual with some negative characteristics Goffman (1963) describes stigma as the difference between the virtual social identity and the real social identity GOFFMAN <a href=\"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/stigma-labelling-and-stereotyping-of-mental-illness-by-goffman\/\" class=\"read-more\">Read More &#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[116,1023],"tags":[1028,1032,1029,1026,530,1025,1031,531,1027,1024,1030,1033],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1359"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1359"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1359\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1362,"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1359\/revisions\/1362"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assignmenttask.com\/answers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}